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Blasphemy law is a law limiting the freedom of speech and expression relating to blasphemy, or irreverence toward holy personages, religious artifacts, customs, or beliefs. Blasphemy laws are generally used to protect the religious beliefs of a majority or those who control the law. Where blasphemy laws systematically target an identifiable section of the community with severe penalties that may include imprisonment or death they are a crime against humanity. In place of, or in addition to, prohibitions against blasphemy or blasphemous libel, some countries have laws which give redress to those who feel insulted on account of their religion. These laws, which may forbid the vilification of religion, “religious insult”, defamation of religion, denigration of religion, offending religious feelings, contempt of religion, or use other similar language, are blasphemy laws. In some jurisdictions hate speech laws that extend beyond prohibiting the imminent incitement of hatred and violence are blasphemy laws. In many countries either there are no laws against blasphemy, or long-established laws are no longer enforced. In the United States, for example, a prosecution for blasphemy would violate the Constitution according to the 1952 Supreme Court case ''Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson''. The last person hanged for blasphemy in Great Britain was Thomas Aikenhead, aged 20, in Scotland in 1697. He was prosecuted for denying the veracity of the Old Testament and the legitimacy of Christ's miracles.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Thomas Aikenhead )〕 The common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel were abolished in England and Wales in 2008 with the passage of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act. Other countries to abolish or repeal blasphemy laws include France in 1881, Sweden in 1970, Norway with Acts in 2009 and 2015, the Netherlands in 2014, and Iceland in 2015. Similarly, in practically all of the developed Western world and East Asian developed democracies like Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan, blasphemy laws, when existent, are largely a dead letter. In Europe, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has recommended that countries enact laws that protect the freedom of expression. in some jurisdictions the death penalty may be applicable to blasphemy. United Nations General Comment 34 - Blasphemy laws are incompatible with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights In July, 2011, the UN Human Rights Committee released a 52-paragraph statement, (General Comment 34 ) on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1976, concerning freedoms of opinion and expression. Paragraph 48 states: :Prohibitions of displays of lack of respect for a religion or other belief system, including blasphemy laws, are incompatible with the Covenant, except in the specific circumstances envisaged in article 20, paragraph 2, of the Covenant. Such prohibitions must also comply with the strict requirements of article 19, paragraph 3, as well as such articles as 2, 5, 17, 18 and 26. Thus, for instance, it would be impermissible for any such laws to discriminate in favor of or against one or certain religions or belief systems, or their adherents over another, or religious believers over non-believers. Nor would it be permissible for such prohibitions to be used to prevent or punish criticism of religious leaders or commentary on religious doctrine and tenets of faith. ==Afghanistan== (詳細はSharia. Blasphemy can be punished by retaliatory penalties up to and including execution by hanging. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「blasphemy law」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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